Denature DNA at 95°C, anneal primers at 50-65°C, extend at 72°C using Taq polymerase, repeat for 25-40 cycles. Amplifies specific DNA sequences.

Converts RNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase, followed by PCR amplification. Used for gene expression analysis, viral detection, and quantification. Combines reverse transcription and DNA amplifi

The RNAi protocol involves designing and introducing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) into cells, leading to targeted gene knockdown.